Physics Key Words Essay Example for Free

Physics Key Words EssayCapacitance proportionality of charge stored per increase in potential difference. Capacitor electrical device used to store charge and energy in the electrical field. Charged intent that has an unbalance of positive and negative electrical charges. Charging by conduction process of charging by touching neutral object to a charged object. Charging by initiation process of charging by bringing neutral object near charged object, then removing part of resulting sepa targetd charge. Effective on-line(prenominal) DC received that would generate the same heating effects. Effective voltage DC potential difference that would produce the same heating effects. Electrical charge pump device, often a battery or rootage, that increase potential of electrical charge. Electrical circuit continuous path through which electrical charges can campaign. Electrical current flow of charged particles.Electrical field property of space around a charged object that cause s forces on other charged objects. Electric field lines lines representing the attention of electric field. Electric field strength ratio of force exerted by field on a tiny test charge to that change. Electric generator device converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. Electric potential ratio of electric potential energy to charge. Electric potential difference difference in electric potential amidst two points. Electric potential energy energy of a charged body in an electrical field. Electron be adrift model description of current flow through conductors. Electroscope device to detect electric charges.Electrostatics study of properties and results of electric charges at rest. Equivalent fortress single confrontation that could replace several resistors. Galvanometer device used to measure very small currents.Ohm SI unit of resistance one volt per ampere. Ohms law resistance of object is constant, independent of voltage across it. Piezoelectricity electric potentia l produced by deforming hooey. Potential difference difference in electric potential between two points. Potential energy energy of object due to its position or state. Potentiometer electrical device with variable resistance rheostat. Power rate of doing work rate of energy conversion.Resistance ratio of potential difference across device to current through it.Resistance force force exerted by a machine.Resistor device designed to have a specific resistance.Resultant vector sum of two or more vectors.Semiconductor material in which electrical conduction is smaller than that in a conductor, but more than in insulator. Series circuit circuit in which electrical current flows through each component, one after another. Series connection arrangement of electrical devices so that there is only one path through which current can flow. Short circuit low resistance connection between two points, often accidental. Watt unit of power, one joule per second.

Efficient Pricing of Geomarketing Internet Services Essay Example for Free

Efficient Pricing of Geomarketing Internet Services EssayAbstractGeomarketing selective reading is information which enables the exploiter to take give away and faster decisions about marketing and sales activities. The main source of information are geographic, demographic, and statistic info. These data are usu every(prenominal)y collected and maintained by several institutions and come in a variety of forms and formats. The final integrators acquire datasets, sort, filter and organize them, and head in arouse delineate analyses. In this paper we focus on geomarketing table expediencys offered on the Internet where usually no physical good is exchanged. The subject of trade is geomarketing information the exploiter is able to extract from the datasets. The main issue is how to set a Pareto streamlined charge for geomarketing information. The situation is Pareto efficient when the sum of users and table service caterrs surplus is maximized. We investigate nonlin ear pricing st evaluategies and their efficiency to serve mass markets and attract users with diametrical automaticingness to ease up.Nonlinear pricing is used in a broader sense to include the practice of selling the same information product on various vertical markets at tolls that are not in residue to the differences in fringy address. The market research for the GISMO project (Krek et al. 2000) showed that the US market differs substantially from the European. It has characteristics of a commodity market, where suppliers offer very similar or equal products at similar prices. This is feasible only if the prices for raw datasets, which represent the main barrier to enter the market, are low or zero. Competition among service providers drives prices down and enables them to successfully serve a mass market. The European approach is largely determined by the spicy prices of datasets and restrictions on the copyright forced by the National Mapping Agencies. This prevent s further production and creation of information products and serves only a narrow group of users with high willingness to pay. We list the most important conditions for Pareto efficient nonlinear pricing of geoinformation services.1 Introduction Price is a very important element of trade. It abide only be discussed in relation to what is offered, how lots value the potential user attaches to the product and how much he is willing to pay for it. A geomarketing service in this paper serves as an example for a geoinformation service in general where a Geoinformation product is traded. A Geoinformation product is defined as a specific piece of geoinformation which provides an answer to a special users question. The provider of a geoinformation service has to select the medium of delivery and the price for the service.We concentrate on geomarketing services provided online through the Internet. The service is mostly done automatically, and not by a human. usually no physical good is exchanged. Gathering information about the product, placing the pasture, and payment is done over electronic network. In the sections 5 and 6 we analyze divers(prenominal) pricing strategies for geographic information and their Pareto efficiency. The s ituation is called to be Pareto efficient when the users and service providers surplus is maximized. We review fringy apostrophize and nonlinear pricing and explain in which cases they conform to the Pareto efficiency. Setting a price equal to marginal embody is not economically viable since such a price does not cover fixed cost. Some examples of nonlinear pricing, such as cadence discounts, term-volume commitments, and list of price options satisfy the Pareto efficiency requirement if certain conditions are satisfied.We conclude with the list of the most important conditions for the Pareto efficient pricing of geomarketing service. They can be applied to geoinformation services in general. 2 Geomarketing Services A geomarketin g service is a service of providing geomarketing information to the user. Geomarketing information is information which enables the user to take better and faster decisions about marketing and sales activities. This information can be delivered to the user in a different form, format and through different media. Geomarketing information is gathered from internal companys data, which are combined with external demographic, statistic and geographic data. A geoinformation that satisfies a luckicular information need in a specific decision making situation is called a Geoinformation product.2.1 Geomarketing Data Geomarketing data consists of internal companys data and external data. Internal data (the rate of sale, current customers profiles, etc.) is collected and maintained by the company itself. External data comes in a variety of formats and forms, as a collection of numbers, reports, maps, etc., and is gathered by different institutions. Demographic and statistic data is collected and maintained by Statistical Offices and aggregated to a certain extent. Geographic data is provided in Europe mostly by National Mapping Agencies, in USA by the US Geological Survey (USGS). Because of this broad variety of data, their structure, content and formats, they cannot be easily interconnected and are not straightforward usable by a non-technical user. 2.2. Geomarketing Information a Product The source of geomarketing information is geomarketing data. Specialized companies collect the data from different sources, combine them, sort and filter them.For example, the statistical and demographic data have spatial dimension, which is usually given by the street name and house number. This data has to be geocoded in order to link the attri justes (purchasing power, age, educational structure, etc.) with geographic data. The providers identify dimensions of data that are valuable for a certain group of users, package them and offer them as a Geoinformation product. A Geoinform ation product is a specific piece of geoinformation which provides an answer to a occasionicular users question. The answer to the question can come in many different forms as a selected dataset, combination of datasets, a report, a map, etc. To make the geomarketing service feasible, some in advance designed steps and analyses are offered to the user. The most common are customer profile, site selection, and market penetration.3 Internet as a Medium of language The Internet changes the way transactions are done. User and seller can enter an electronic relationship without personal contact. The buyer can place an order any time (from the seat at home, late in the evening) and can take as much time as he wants or need to take the decision about the purchase. Searching for the right product over e-network, he can get comparable information about similar products from another(prenominal) companies, their characteristics and prices. Cooperation with potential and current users of ge oinformation services is important. In the Internet world, the gap between service-consumers and services-providers blurs. Consumers become involved in the actual production process, their ideas, knowledge, information become part of the product specification process (Tapscott 1996). In a geomarketing service, usually no physical good is exchanged. The user gets o the result of nly the analysis, the answer to his question.Even more advanced geomarketing services offer the possibility of uploading the data of the user on the providers server and combining these data with the collection of the data on the server. A service offered via Internet involves less administration, paper work, and less human resources, which reduces transaction costs. Direct connection to the computer accounting system can provide systematic and efficient registration of the transactions. Security and protection mechanisms enable the service provider to follow and control transactions. Selecting a proper pric ing policy in order to attract widespread use of the service is of great importance. In the next sections, we review marginal cost and nonlinear pricing, and analyze their Pareto efficiency. 4 Pareto efficiency The situation is Pareto efficient if there is no way to make both the user and the service provider better off. The sum of the users and providers surplus is maximized.It can be a understood lso as maximizing the difference between economic benefits and costs which appear on the users as well as on the providers side. The economic benefits are the benefits of using the product on the product has to him with his willingness to pay for the marginal building block of the product. If he expects high benefits, he will be willing to pay a high price for the product. Cost incurred on the provider side is mostly high fixed cost of designing and creating the Geoinformation product and enabling the service, and low marginal cost of providing an incremental unit of the product. The u sers cost is the price he pays for the product, the transaction cost and the cost associated with acquiring the information about the product. 5 Marginal Cost Pricing and Pareto power Marginal cost pricing is pricing where the price equals the marginal cost.The cost of an economic good is an important determinant of how much the producer will be willing to produce. The theory of marginal or extra cost is crucial for the situation on the market of economic goods. It has an important role in appraising how efficient or inefficient any particular price and production pattern is (Samuelson 1967). This observation is valuable for the standard economic good where the add together cost of producing the product depends on the quantity produced. The cost structure a Geoinformation product substantially differs from the cost structure of the standard economic good. The total cost of producing the product is mostly a high fixed cost of collecting the data and designing the product, and is no t recoverable if the production is halted (sunk cost).The marginal cost of producing t e second and each additional copy of the product is h very low or zero, mostly the cost of disseminating the product. The share of the marginal cost in the total cost of production is negligible. Marginal cost pricing of a Geoinformation product would fit to the marginal cost pricing scheme imply very low or zero price. Pricing at marginal cost may or may not be efficient it depends on how the consumers total willingness to pay relates to the total cost of providing the good (Varian 1999). At the first stage of the production, the datasets have low value to most users and they have low willingness to pay for them. The high cost of producing the datasets cannot be recovered. M arginal cost pricing does not imply efficiency because it does not cover the total costs of producing a Geoinformation product. 6 Nonlinear Pricing and Pareto Efficiency Pricing is nonlinear when it is not strictly proportio nal to the quantity purchased.Different prices are charged to different groups of buyers or the same product. Nonlinear pricing is in addition used in a f broader sense to include the practice of selling the same product on different markets at prices that are not in proportion to the differences in marginal cost. Good examples are phone rates, frequent flyer programs, and electricity (Wilson 1993). The first notion about charging different users otherwise for the same product was called price discrimination (Pigou 1920) and distinguished among three different forms of discrimination. 6.1 Price Discrimination Pigou (Pigou 1920) first used the term price discrimination and he described the following forms of nonlinear pricing First-degree price discrimination The first-degree price discrimination is sometimes known as perfect price discrimination. The producer sells different units of output at different prices and these prices may differ from buyer to buyer. The buyer pays the ma ximum price that he is willing to pay, irrespective of the cost of production and supply. commonly it is difficult to determine what is the maximum price someone is willing to pay for the product. Second-degree price discrimination The producer sells different units of output at different prices, but every individual who buys t e h same amount of the good pays the same price. Second-degree price discrimination is much more common in practice. Good examples of this discrimination are volume discounts and coupons. Third-degree price discrimination The producer sells the output to different people at different prices, but every unit of output sold to a given person sells at the same price.Customers are divided into more groups, which have different demand curves and different price elasticity. The highest price is charged to the groups with the lowest elasticity. Examples of this discrimination are student discounts. 6.2 Two-part Tariff Two-part obligation is an example of a nonline ar pricing and consists of two parts. The first part of the tax usually comes in the form of a social rank, an yearbook or monthly license and is supposed to cover fixed cost. The second part of the duty is related to the usage (number of reports transferred, number of bits, layers, etc.) and covers the incremental cost. This pricing scheme is often used in telecommunication. Users are charged for the connection to the network and additionally for the usage. Two-part tariff pricing scheme can be very naturally applied to a geomarketing service. The first part of the tariff represents a membership fee, an annual or monthly licence for access to the data, reports and maps the second part is an additional fee usually based on the volume transferred. Price P for a geoinformation service is then P = p0 + p v.q where p0 pv q fixed fee (annual, monthly, membership, etc.) price set for a volume transferred quantity transferred.The revenue collected from the first part of the tariff (p0 ) is supposed to cover the fixed cost of producing the first copy of the Geoinformation product. The price of u sage (pv ) should cover the incremental cost and the cost of transaction. The combination of the membership and usage constructed for the predicted demand is set so that the companys total cost is recovered. How high the fixed fee and the price of usage s hould be is animportant question. Availability of the raw data at low price will change the nature of the market. The price for both parts of the tariff (p0 and pv ) will form according to the equilibrium rules of supply and demand. 6.3 Pareto Efficiency of the Two-part Tariff Two-part tariff can disadvantage a certain segment of the users. Imagine a geomarketing service company offering geographic data over the Internet.For the simplicity of reasoning, imagine there exist two segments of users those who use data on a rule-governed basis and have a high willingness to pay (governmental institutions, ministries, utilities, etc.), and those who seldom need data (students, individuals, small and medium companies, etc.) and have low willingness to pay. In this case, a high fixed fee excludes the users with low willingness to pay, occasional users who need only a small volume of the data and are not willing to pay an annual membership fee or a license. The necessary condition for Pareto efficiency is not satisfied. 6.4 Quantity Discounts Quantity discounts are a form of a nonlinear price where the provider charges a demoralise price for a higher(prenominal) volume purchased.The opportunity of selling high volumes at a low price is often neglected in geoinformation business. Increased revenue from the higher volume at lower price enables the provider to improve the service and reduce prices for all users. The quantity discounts are usually designed in order to stimulate sales, but can complicate the billing and accounting system. Pareto efficiency of quantity discounts depends on the volume-price categor ies offered by the service provider. This pricing strategy might disadvantage users with low willingness to pay, not being able to pay nor interested in purchasing higher volumes.6.5 Term-Volume Commitments According to this strategy the user agrees with the service provider to pay a certain amount of money for the service in advance. The payment is set according to the predicted demand for the service. This kind of agreement usually involves some discounts, because the whole payment is done at once and at the beginning of the period. Short-term contracts involve lower reduction in price than longer contracts. This strategy reduces billing and accounting cost and is often used by Internet providers. For example, a one-year-term commitment to make it $2000/month obtains a discount of 18% (Gong and Srinagesh 1998), for the 5 -year contracts the Internet providers use up to 60% discount. Term-volume commitments satisfy the Pareto efficiency requirement if the user can elect among dif ferent schemes and are designed indiscriminately.6.6 List of Price Options Different pricing options can be combined and offered as a list of price options. In geomarketing services, the two-part tariff is often combined with an additional pricing option, the uniform pricing scheme. Under the uniform pricing scheme, the user pays the price (p2 ), which is proportional to the data transferred. Usually the tariff per volume purchased (p2 ) is higher in the uniform pricing scheme than the price (p1 ) proposed in the two-part tariff scheme, but the user need not pay an annual membership fee or license. The user profits if he is an occasional user, who needs a small volume of data. The sum he is willing to pay in this case is lower than the annual membership or license fee plus the cost of the data transferred.

MARKETING MIX AND ONLINE MARKETING

merchandising MIX AND ONLINE MARKETINGMarketing blend, commonly known as the four Ps namely Product, Price, position and Promotion was first suggested by Jerome McCarthy (1960) and is a vital aspect for establishing and executing the food merchandising strategies. Let us view in detail the different elements of the market mix on the context of online marketing.ProductOnline marketing grass lead to the improvement of the w ars in a lot of right smarts. Online marketing pave the way for the market researchers to evaluate the guests need and the criticism from them goat be used to change the existing products and develop new products. Tescos online shopping website records the repeated purchases of the customers, which they use later on to provide a customized list for fast purchasing. It alike facilitates a chance to customize the products as per the consumers wants resembling www.nike.com who offers customized instructors just for clients.PriceThis refers to the pricing policies of an organization which be adopted to determine the price for a product or service (Chaffey 2003). Baker et al. (2000) discovered two habits that feel been used by the manufacturers while marketing their products online namelySetting up a low price for the products by beginners.Following the existing price in the internet by the current companies.A benefit of drill of internet is that it helps to minimize the costs on search that shoppers would find to bear while searching for information nearly new products and serve. It also makes the shopping to a greater extent active as the famous auction sale site www.ebay.com which makes the users to bid the price for the products. Online marketing makes the transaction more(prenominal) transparent making it approximately impossible for the suppliers to manipulate on cost. The customers digest also view sites to know the best deals for a peculiar(prenominal) product comparable www.shopmart.com, www.easyshop.com etc.Place The pose element in marketing mix explains the way a product is distributed to its end consumer. Allen and Fjermestad (2001) say that the biggest implication bring forthd by the internet in the marketing mix is for the place. This is due to the world wide reach of the internet. network has opened before the organizations a new channel to make their products reach their customers, apart from the traditional way of gross revenue helping to cut down the barriers between both the parties. The huge investment that has to be made in stores can be reduced with melodic line taking place in a much realistic way.Entry of internet into the marketing mix has avoided the retailers or third parties between dealers and consumers making it more challenging for the existing online retailers to ensure on time logistics.PromotionThe forward motion element of the marketing mix shows how marketing conversation is made within the customers and the jeopardise holders about the company and their prod ucts (Chaffey 2003). It deals with exchanging information regarding a product or service to the target market. Burnett (1993) defines promotion as the marketing function concerned with persuasively communication to target audiences the components of the marketing program in order to facilitate exchange. The main ingredients of promotion mix areSales promotionAdvertisingPersonnel sellingPublic relationsDirect marketingThe internet is nowadays being used as an effective tool for marketing communication. The internet made it in stock(predicate) before the companies, yet an other(a) way of channel to communicate to the buyers about the product offerings. The idea of online marketing can vary the promotion mix in the pursuance waysEvaluating the way the internet can be used at unlike phases of the purchasing mode.Revising new ways of using the ingredients of the promotion mix.Applying promotional tools to serve in various phases of customer relationships like attaining visitors for the first time and retaining them as a regular visitor.While using internet as a tool for marketing, it become possible for the organization to ship emails on proper authorization basis, containing information related to the products which makes it possible for the company to maintain a long term relationship with the buyers online.Online marketing and the marketing mix picture page 267 foundations of marketingReference used McCarthy, J.(1960) Basic Marketing A managerial Approach. Irwin, Homewood, IIAllen, E. and Fjermestad, J. (2001) E-commerce marketing strategies a famework and case analysis, Logistics Information Management 14(1/2) 14-23.McCarthy, J. (1960) Basic Marketing A Managerial Appraoch. Irwin, Homewood, IIBurnett, J,(1993) Promotional Management, Houghton Mifflin, BostonBaker, W., Marn, M. and Zawada, C. (2000) Price smarter on the Net, Harvard Business Rview, February, 2-7.Chaffey, D., Mayer, R., Kevin, J. and Chadwick, F.C. (2003) lucre MarketingIMPORTANCE OF ELECTR ONIC MARKETING IN BUSINESS TODAYThe requirements and wants of the consumers can be better understood, by knowing more about the consumers and also analyzing ways of providing their needs. This exit essentially help in convincing the consumers or buyers requirements, earlier than your opponent. The information curve of the marketers can be enhance al-Qaidad on the growing information of the customers. It is highly significant to deliver the correct goods and products to the consumers with precision, in order for the consumers to be satisfied. By establishing the principle of adding value to the services of every consumers or buyers, the marketers can be warned in advance of the ineffective and expensive competitive approach which can be achieved by the usage of electronic marketing. A superior and higher conventional product status and equity of the companys construct goods and services can be obtained, by adding high value to the construct goods. A good or bad opinion of the com panys adopted strategies or actions achieved, can be obtained by setting off a workers criticism system. The usage of electronic marketing or existing communication schemes can help to improve such(prenominal) circumstances. The usage of online marketing can be limited to the following listed communication channel conditions.An instance of the usage of online marketing is in the Company communications, A cheap and extensive, method of communication is the E-mail. It is a easy and lasting medium. It is used to send messages to unite with people using an already listed names and addresses. It has been an ever growing means of communication within the organization. some other fearful task that has been improved by online marketing is marketing research. The approaches used by the different companies can be examined, and the discussions with the companies can be preserved for discussions over a extensive phase of time.Another business condition where online marketing can be utilized is marketing planning and sales support. It is possible for additional people to use this intermediate for advertisement information.Online marketing is also used in another situation productivity innovations. The usage of the electronic medium helps the sales personnels, as it speeds up the answers to the consumers queries about the product particulars, stock levels etc.Online marketing and sales practice leave be more useful to the business-to-business relations in the instant future. High confidence and prospects will be accepted by the customers since the business sections overlay the pathway.electronic marketing can also be used in the scenario of Customer loyalty. The purchase appearance of the consumers are tracked by the companies, for which in depth databases are created.Another business scenario where online marketing is utilized is globalised reach. So, international marketing can be obtained comfortably as internet helps to interconnect organizations.Online marketing is used for a organization to obtain competitive intelligence. It is useful for the competitors to analyze our market information using the beingness Wide Web, and vice-versa.Efficient cost utilization is obtained using online marketing methods. It is commonly cost effective, even without including installation charges. Even with installation charges included, when contrasted with the customer advantages obtained, it is cot efficient. compulsory of partnering and logistics is easy through the use of online marketing methods. It is easy for people in organizations to connect through the usage of electronic marketing resources. Internal intranets, or extranets, and agreements or associations with organizations may come under the connection medium.Corporate recruitments are another sector utilizing online marketing resources. Workers, advisors, government papers, specialty trades or common contractors can be traced using the above mentioned method. REEDY, J. SCHULLO, S., 2004ONLIN E MARKETING vs TRADITIONAL MARKETINGThe earlier forms of promotion can classified under traditional marketing. The various methods are radio, billboards, TV and posters. The other methods such as email marketing, banner promotions, all come under the online marketing.Difference lies in the purpose it is used for. Traditional marketing expands the market of the manufactured goods and services, which is an important aspect for the existence of the organization. The customers have the opportunity to react to the promotion, as online marketing is a way of direct marketing. In this method, the customers can react, which helps in nip and tuck ROI.Measurability is an additional aspect that distinguishes both forms of marketing. It is easy to trace the clients with the use of tools in online marketing, whereas traditional marketing has several problems, one being dependent on human memory. The SMEs also utilize the online marketing due to the huge ROI obtained from it. It is possible for t hem to change their operations, by calculating the start of their leads.http//www.sabest.biz/blog/2010/03/online-marketing-vs-traditional-marketing.htmlFUTURE OF ONLINE ELECTRONIC MARKETING RESOURCESIt is possible for the e-marketer to support and develop the value chain processes of electronic commerce for each and every persons advantage, as a result of the physically powerful base of electronic marketing resources. Solid effort, a number of successes and a little failures may be engaged in this process. In order to obtain get for all of the marketing processes, it is necessary for the e-marketer to demonstrate serious thinking talents of the tactical and planned market scheduling and also be able to employ the obtainable methods of electronic marketing effectively.The complex methods of electronic marketing is utilized in order to create value-added services, which produce results that are unthinkable in structure, even though a frame of electronic means are available to use. On the other hand, in order to get an explanation, it is necessary to estimate the present situations. A total of four aspects or issues are given below by which the electronic marketing may be affected by or may affect, which have been obtained by considering and arranging all the sustaining and contradicting data in an orderDevelopment of technologyGrowth of the existing softwareThe accomplishments achieved by combining meshwork achievementsThe motivating force required by the marketers to provide better service to their consumersWith the help of electronic marketing, a number of advantages can be obtained which include providing a means of communication between the e-marketers and the customers of the organization, as possible in a small sized business. It is required for the e-marketer to prepare and train well, as a variety of advantages are obtained by employing electronic marketing.Business Web Sites B2C, B2B, C2CThe sites which sell or market products and services even if i t is the order takers or others who are more person-oriented in general include in Web categories which are business to business (B2B), Business to Consumer (B2C) or Consumer to Consumer (C2C). Some sells to both consumers and businesses. (Internet Marketing by Barbara G. Cox and William Koelzer).BUSINESS TO CONSUMER SITES (B2C)The sites of B2C are more familiar to the public who uses the internet. In most of the industry, they market goods and services to the consumers. There are many stores such as department clothing, electronics, food etc have their Web sites to sell the products. These sites dont have a store like buildings. They only sell their products through the internet. But not all these sites sell through online itself, the consumer buy their products from office, local store or even by telephone. The examples of B2C sites are amazon.com (books and other related products), staples.com (office supplies) etc. The online shopping is getting higher due to the increase in co mputer consumption in households.BUSINESS TO BUSINESS SITES (B2B)The market of B2B is increasing in an amazing rate. On the basis of Jupiter Research, the companies around the world will tramp steamer up their expenditure on B2B. As per the aggressive estimation of Goldman Sach, the worldwide spending through B2B will reach high rates in the advent years and he assumes that 80% of B2B worldwide commerce will be held online around the next 20 years.On the basis of Active Media Research, the majority of B2B sites are created for double purpose that is to sell both the products and services directly or indirectly around 98% of sites, 73% of them gives information. The main aim of making sales of the 77% of sites is by making an offline contact with the customers.CONSUMER TO CONSUMER (C2C)Majority of the Consumer to Consumer sales occurs through auction sites. In a survey conducted by Harris Interactive where The National Consumers unify was the sponsor, it was found that the bidders of online auction of 83% had purchased things in the online auction. According to the report, 75% of the buyers have pay out average of $100 or less and the 21% have payed amount between $100 and $500.So in auction sites, the sellers will post their things to sell and their items will be bided by the customers. And the highest of those customers bids wins the thing which is for sale believe that the bid will meet a fixed minimum amount. A small amount of commission will be taken from the sellers bank pecker by the auction site if each of his item get sold. The buyers wont pay anything to the site.The best example for Consumer to Consumer site is E-bay. It is the biggest Consumer to Consumer auction site. E-bay has been a great ensample for the auction sites which are emerging now to help the businesses conduct e-commerce. Although eBay is generally a consumer to consumer service, the simplicity of this site is a great value of study for buying or selling the products in a Busines s to Business auction site by any business planning. In eBay, and many other auction sites the users will register and if they are planning to sell anything on the site, they can set up a way of payment, usually financial account or credit card that makes the funds transfer. The buyers will be able to analyse what they are looking for by entering the key words of any particular product in the search engine and the site will display products list for sale. The sellers will make the payment for listing and selling their products. Insertion fees will be charged by eBay generally around 25 cents and $2.00 which will rely upon the opening bid, and a fee will be charged at the end of the auction which will be between 1.25 percent to 5 percent of the final selling price. The enhancements like featured placement or downright font will also be charged as an extra fees (Internet Marketing by Barbara G. Cox and William Koelzer).Benefits of Online Marketing http//www.wisdomportal.com/Books/Onl ineMarketing.htmlhttp//marketing.about.com/od/internetmarketingstrategy/a/marketingonline.htmBenefits gained by the Consumers(1) Appropriate- customers can buy anything on their will for 24 hours without communication with the store physically.2) Cooperative Instant-the buyers can get the information of the products they are interested in, from the sellers site and then download those instantaneously.Benefits gained by the Marketers(1) Increasing the relationship between the customers- The organizations can communicate with the customers to have a detailed knowledge about their needs and hence building customer databases.(2) Reduction in the costs and enhancing efficiency- Avoid the costs involved in building a store, amount for rents, insurance and amenities. Digital catalogs are way lesser than the printing paper catalogs.(3) Improved flexibility- For a paper catalog, its products and values are constant till the next printing takes place whereas an online catalog can be modified on a daily basis or also hourly, considering the products ease of use, its amount, and advertisings, to get along with the fluctuating market conditions.(4) Access to Global Markets- The Internet is an accepted medium by the whole world, which helps the consumers and sellers to be linked within any countries in mere seconds.Four Methods to Exhibit Online Marketing(1) Building an Electronic Storefront- Companies can be allotted an area by the online service or can create a new Website on their own wish. These sites help in creating a communication between the customers which helps them to be more close to a purchase.(2) Introducing Ads Online- Companies can create ads online in three methods(a) First one being, the classified ads in the significant areas of high class online services.(b) Ads displayed in Internet news which are meant for commercial usage.(c) Purchase the online ads that come up while browsing the net like the pop- up windows.(3) Taking part in meetings, newsgroups, or communities posted by the web which are interesting for certain groups.(4) Usage of Online E-mail or Webcasting- Companies can provide newsletters provided by the customers, or advertising options depending on the history of the customers who are purchasing. Through Webcasting, matters relating the customers interest can be delivered.ONLINE MARKETING http//www.yourdictionary.com/dictionary-articles/define-online-marketing.html Marketing online delivers the message of feast marketing budget for a majority of companies. Online marketing produces many more advantageous solutions when compared to out-dated and offline marketing. In other words this can be termed as Internet marketing or web marketing. This method is adopted by those companies where goods are sold to the customers directly including those who are involved in a business to business model.Benefits of Online marketingModifications on the fly When compared to offline marketing, online marketing can place olden advertisem ents in newspapers or on TV and this can be modified on the fly. By following up with the advertisements, it is possible to make any no. of changes to the graphics or letterings which would not create any issues. But this cannot be do in the traditional method of marketing and advertising.Ability to track real-time results While marketing online, tracking of real- time results is possible by the use of online analytics so that it is possible to know whether the marketing is carrying out. Certain methods exist to track the traditional methods, but many at times cannot be done in real- time. This can either create a good will or a bad one to the campaign.Focusing demographics in the advertising With marketing online, particular demographics such as age, gender and location can be given importance. It is also possible to focus on the variations in income and education. This can be done in traditional marketing also but it is not an easy job.Various methods in marketing online There ex ists variety of ways to exhibit online marketing like the email social media and newsletters. To do the same in traditional marketing, many media sources need to be available.Immediate ability to convert While marketing online, it is undefended of converting a buyer immediately. But this cannot be done in traditional marketing. When marketing online, it is not only capable of achieving the information of a customer, but also able to achieve the sale on the spot, while in offline marketing this procedure takes a much longer time.The most focused areas in the online marketing are http//www.yourdictionary.com/dictionary-articles/define-online-marketing.html Associate Marketing In this kind of marketing, the organization appoints an associate to improve and enhance their products. The associate in turn receives a commission or similar grants for each and every sale. Amazon.com Associates Central is an example that can be provided for anassociate marketing program, where the Amazon.com helps the owners of the website to bring in crowd to its site. Exhibit Advertising In this type, they usually use the web banners on a third-party website to create traffic to their own website and enhance the awareness of the product. Email Marketing Businesses that makes use of this type of marketing create promotional emails to impress the customers. But, it is a very tough job to differentiate the spam and the original email. Interactive Advertising This sort of advertising makes use of animations and various other graphic involved methods, to produce ads which makes the viewers excited and involves their participation. Search engine Marketing Certain techniques that are used under this are- Search Engine Optimization (SEO), and paid inclusion. The companies adopting these techniques become prominent in the search engine page results from Google. Viral Marketing With this kind of marketing, businesses expect the people to convey the informations achieved about the products. Tho se sites which allow the viewers to email hilarious clips is an example of viral marketing.

Assertion of Indianness in Amish Tripathi’s Trilogy

Assertion of Indianness in Amish Tripathis TrilogyIn the present times, with expanding globalisation, the sphere is getting closer. Prospects for Indian writings in English, in this scenario, charter as well as expanded. English is gaining popularity and the same has become a means of speaking of upper and middle class Indians. Indian writings in English be not tho popular among these classes of Indians but atomic number 18 also being read across the world. Contemporary Indian writers who write in English try their topper to show themselves as much rooted as possible in Indian Culture and assert their Indianness.In this paper, well analyse Amish Tripathis shiva trilogy to explore his assertion of Indianness. Amish Tripathi is known for his mythological fiction writing in the era when other(a) writers mostly highlight contemporary family values, moral values, customs, culture and many other aspects to emphasize Indianness in their writing, Amish Tripathi has chosen mytholog y to assert the Indianness. In this study, we will also look at Tripathis views regarding Indianness and see how far has he succeeded in take a firm stand Indianness in his trilogy.Before we move ahead it is necessary to understand the concept of Indianness. India is a trim of co-existing multiple cultures and traditions. U.S. Rukhaiyar and Amar Nath Prasad in Studies in Indian Poetry in English state that Indianness is a extra, individualistic life-attitude and mode of perception (149). They further quote Prof. V.K. Gokak who describes Indianness as a composite aw beness in the matter of race, milieu, language and religion (149). Thus, Indianness can be considered as the summation of diverse cultures of India and ideology and ideals which composes India.Amish Tripathis first-class honours degree book of the trilogy, The Immortals of Meluha was published in 2010 amounted by The Secret of the Nagas in 2011 and The ban of Vayuputras in 2013. Tripathi appears to be a devotee of Shiva (S. Pandit). Although, during his youth he was an atheist but he returned to faith, when started writing these books (S. Babbar). He became religious to the point to regard religion as a trope to define Indianness. Tripathi defines Indianness in Verve as followsThe Indianness of India lies in our religiosity. I wouldnt restrict it to any particular religion, since we keep up practically every religion in the world existing within India. It is our attitude towards religion. Simply put, our deep religiosity defines the Indianness of India.Now, if his turning religious is only for getting a wider readership in India where majority of people are religious or if he truly felt it, is something we dont know. But, certainly his trilogy occurs as a persuading text for our not-much-caring-about-religion youth to attract them to become religious.His first book begins at Mansarovar Lake in Tibet in 1900 BC where Shiva is the mind of a state cal guide Gunas. The bosh begins when Shiva along with his tribe decides to move to Meluha, an organised (read more cultured and prosperous) kingdom with facilities and comfort, to avoid attacks from a neighbouring tribe called Pakratis. Shiva meets the immortal Meluhans that follow the path set out by Ram and call themselves Suryavanshis. Soon on an occasion, Shiva drinks Somras that gives Shiva a blue throat. There was a presage that Suryavanshis believed in. According to which the blue throated one, the Neelkantha will gain them victory over their rivals, Chandravanshis who have hired evil assassins, the Nagas to attack and conquer Meluha. Shiva, in that respect, also meets a better-looking girl named Sati and marries her. Sati is kidnapped by a Naga in front of Shiva. As a result, Shiva soon learns that Chandravanshis are not the real evil and marches to the land of Nagas in search of evil in The Secret of the Nagas. That land of Nagas is shown as occupied by de make beings. During his quest he meets Kali, sister of h is wife Sati and Ganesh, the first son of Sati. In The Oath of Vayuputras Shiva gets to know about the ill effects of Somras. It has ca mapd reduction in the water level of Saraswati River and the waste formed during the contrive of Somras was put in the Tsangpo River, which has caused plague in a place called Branga. Also, the birth deformities of Nagas were caused by it. After learning that Meluha is the heart of producing Somras, Shiv attacks Meluha. He acquires Pashupatiastra from Vayuputras, a tribe led by previous Mahadev, Rudra that avowed to support Neelkantha, and destroys Devagiri, the capital of Meluha.Amish Tripathi makes use of the ancient Indian mythology of Shiva, but blends it with fiction. According to A Glossary of Literary Terms by M. H. Abrams and Geoffrey Galt Harpham, mythology is a system of hereditary stories of ancient origin which were once believed to be true by a particular cultural group, and which served to explain why the world is as it is and things happen as they do, to provide a rationale for social customs and observances, and to establish the rules by which people conduct their lives. Mythology may be considered to be history by a few people, but one could argue that it is fiction and therefore there is no single version of mythology. It is generally deformed and turned according to ones belief.Indian Mythology, in the same steering, provides a way of life for Indians. Tripathi refers to the mythology of Shiva that can be found in the epic called Shivpuran. Encyclopaedia Britannica provides glimpses of Shivas stature in Hindu or Indian culture asShiva, (Sanskrit Auspicious One)one of the main(prenominal) deities of Hinduism, whom Shaivas worship as the supreme god (Shaivism). Among his common epithets are Shambhu (Benign), Shankara (Beneficent), Mahesha (Great Lord), and Mahadeva (Great God)Shiva is represented in a variety of forms in a pacific mood with his consort Parvati and son Skanda, as the cosmic dancer (Nataraja ), as a naked ascetic, as a mendicant beggar, as a yogi, and as the androgynous union of Shiva and his consort in one body, half-male and half-female (Ardhanarishvara). As Bhairava, he is often envisioned as a Dalit (formerly called an untouchable) and accompanied by a dog. He is both the great ascetic and the master of fertility, and he is the master of both poison and medicine, by means of his ambivalent power over snakes. As Lord of Beasts (Pashupati), he is the benevolent herdsmanor, at times, the merciless slaughterer of the beasts that are the world souls in his care.Tripathi takes up traditional Indian mythology, which is regarded as factual history by some especially religious ones and as fiction by others, and creates his own fiction. The story that Tripathi weaves is such(prenominal) that it includes major characters and steadyts related to Shiva in the ancient Indian mythology but modifies the traditional narrative. The actions, the narrative, signs and codes of tradi tional mythology are changed to the extent that they are reduced to names, vague references and symbols, piece of music the poetic abilities of the author are hampered by religious sentiments (Eric M. Gurevitch).Shiva although embodies the same power and same status but the manner in which events associated with him takes place are altered. Ganesh, traditionally believed to be Shivas own son is shown here as a child bore by Sati, Shivas wife, introductory to their marriage. So what we can see is that Tripathi plays with traditional mythology that we know about.Also, Tripathi has shown his characters not as Gods but as humans. Shiva, Sati, Kali, Ganesh, Kartik, they are all there in human presumptive form unlike their projection in Vedas and Puranas where they had supernatural powers. Shiva is the chief of a Tibetan tribe and others also have human forms. However, these humans that Tripathi depicts are too perfect for being a human. For example, Shiva is always morally correct. Hi s kind with Sati is never shown as a relationship of passion that a human being might have. Therefore, we can say that the values that a traditional Shiva possess are not violated by Tripathi. He is a God-like person. Thus, we see a fine balance of Tripathis own imagination and traditional ancient Indian mythology.Since Mythology, on its own, has no rigid boundaries and could be moulded or transformed up to any stretch of imagination of writer himself, these novels provide an alternate mythology for the Indian reader. However, for a non- Indian reader who is not well present with traditional mythology of India, this trilogy can serve as the only mythology of India.Tripathi in his novels has also tried to amalgamate ancient Indian mythology with recent history and contemporary reality. The relationship between Meluha, the land of Suryavanshis and Swadeep, the kingdom of Chandravanshis reminds the readers of the relationship between India and Pakistan. Chandravanshis constantly atta cked Suryavanshis which is reminiscent of terrorist attacks by Pakistan (Eric .M. Gurevitch). Also, Pakistanis uphold the symbol of moon which again cerebrate it to the Chandravanshis, where Chandra means moon. Although, Tripathi by cover that Chandravanshis are not the real evil is highlighting that Pakistanis may be misunderstood by Indians.One can also say that the tensions between Meluhans and Nagas replicates the tension between India and China or Indian government and the Northeastern Tribes of India. Naga is an actual tribe in northeast India. The Nagas in the story are neglected, feared and looked at as enemy because of their abnormality. Kali and Ganesha were abandoned by Meluhans because they had an extra pair of hands and an animal head. Kali and Ganesh attacks Meluhans to assert their independence and to nock their identity. It resembles the strife that we constantly see between north-east Indians and rest of Indians because of their Mongoloid looks that are uncommon outside north-east India. Tripathi also brings in International tensions in his fiction. The picture of Meluhans producing toxic Somras that causes deformities in Nagas reminds us of World War II, where USA dropped Atom Bombs upon Japan that causes various deformities in Japanese of radiation affected areas work on date.Another aspect that makes his mythological fiction in tune with contemporary world is the introduction of scientific dimension. When Shiva reaches Meluha for the first time he sees that Meluhans use modern equipment like showers etc. They also excel in medicine. And apart from this, they are advanced enough to produce Somras which is told to be a chemical compound, which if taken in undiluted form can be poisonous. Also, the two Asrtras, Brahmastra and Pashupatiastra mentioned in the books can be seen as a product of modern science. The Pashupatiastra is a rocket (possibly nuclear fission missile) of Pashupati (another name of Lord Shiva in traditional Hindu Mytho logy), used to destroy specific targeted area, darn the Brahmastra is a missile (possibly nuclear fusion missile) of Brahma which does not have a controlled effect. (Sreedharan 778)It is clear that Tripathi indulges in all the above aspects as he is aspiring for larger readership. New generations that are inclined towards science and the older ones that still holds on to mythology, both are attracted towards this amalgam that Tripathi has created. With this, he is reviving interest of young generation, which is overshadowed by scientific reasoning, in mythology by justifying mythology through science and warfare technology. This combination of science and mythology that Tripathi uses, makes his novels and the ideas that he infuses in them as more acceptable to the reader.Despite above, one cannot ignore his clamorous argument that he is trying to show in his Trilogy about Indianness that well see later in this paper.Furthermore, Tripathi also showcases Indian values, traditions and customs efficiently. Throughout the series, we see that there is commitment in each and every relationship portrayed. The relationship between Shiva and Sati is a strong bond which is not broken even when Shiva gets to know about Ganesha. Sati and Shiva both are equally respectful to each other. Similarly, Shiva is a true friend. He doesnt let his do as a chief come between him and Bhadra. He always wonders Why does he keeps forgetting that he has been my closest friend since childhood? My becoming the chief hasnt really changed anything. (The Immortals of Meluha 13) Apart from this Indian salutation of Namaste is constantly used in the books along with the gesture of bowing down and touching somebodys feet out of respect.Though Tripathi claims to assert Indianness through his trilogy, one needs to understand his notion of Indianness and his literary practice, which could be disappointing for some readers. Even though he expressed his version of Indianness in Verve referred above where he seems to believe that Indianness is defined by religiosity and all the religions evoke the idea of Indianness, but while writing this Trilogy, he completely ignored all other religions but Hinduism. This fact emphasizes that to become more Indian, Hinduism is the only way. Hinduism might be a way of life for majority of Indians, but Indian culture cannot be defined in terms of Hinduism only. Indian culture is a diverse cultural and is formed by different communities having different faiths. Also, what about those citizens of India that are non- religious. Are they not true Indians? By giving himself to a single faith, despite his claim of multiplicity of religious faith, Tripathi seems to be propagating Hinduism. Except this, he takes all the right steps as he blends in all the other elements to make his trilogy acceptable for most readers spreading across all the age groups and nations.Thus, though it seems that Tripathi has been able to assert his version of Indianness b y resorting to mythology, where he relates it to contemporary reality and also by showing traditions and customs practiced in India. But he definitely could not provide true idea of Indianness which embodies the idea of unity in diversity. He appears to believe that if one wants to be more Indian, then one should embrace his or her religiosity. According to this statement, he clearly seems to neglect the group of non- believers in India. However, even if we ignore the fact that he has neglected the group of non-believers in his ideology of Indianness, he by not involving other religious beliefs, has not been able to instrument his ideology successfully in his works till date. Despite this approach, Tripathi has succeeded in garnering commercial success but he also apparently has succeeded in propagating Hinduism.Moreover, it is principal(prenominal) to see that while writing this Trilogy, he has considered Hindu mythology as Indian mythology, which could possibly be because Hindui sm is originated from India, while other religions like Christianity and Islam did not. Religions like Buddhism, Jainism or Sikhism have their roots in some way or the other in Hinduism. However, his considering Hindu mythology as Indian mythology led to ignoring all the other mythologies of India, even that of autochthonic tribal communities of India. He has neglected the diversity of Indian culture. And that is why it is difficult to say that Tripathi has been able to assert Indianness successfully and justly.We can still hope that he might include all those categories of so far neglected people in his upcoming works and will be able to present a more justified, true and acceptable picture of Indianness because Tripathis novels have a huge readership including young generation across the world. His representation of Indianness in a truer manner will help these readers to get a better and near to truth picture of India.Works CitedAbrams, M.H., Geoffrey Galt Harpham. A Glossary of Literary Terms. 10th ed. Delhi Cengage Learning India Pvt Ltd, 2012. Print.Babbar, Sonakshi. committal to writing changed me from an atheist to a Shiva bhakt Amish Tripathi. Hindustan Times 10 September 2011. Print.Gurevitch, Eric .M. Implausible Deniability Reading Amish Tripathis Shiva Trilogy Eric Gurevitch. Kafila. 28 April 2014. Web. 20 Oct. 2014.Pandit, Shruti. My books are Shivas blessings. The Times of India 12 June 2012. Print.Rukhaiyar, U.S., and Amar Nath Prasad. Studies in Indian Poetry in English. New Delhi Sarup Sons, 2002. Print.Shiva. Encyclopaedia Britannica. n.d. Web. 31 Oct. 2014.Sreedharan, M.S. Bharatiya Vigyan Manjusha. New Delhi Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, 2005. Print.Tripathi, Amish. The Immortals of Meluha. Chennai Westland Ltd, 2010. Print.. The Secret of the Nagas. Chennai Westland Ltd, 2011. Print.. The Oath of Vayuputras. Chennai Westland Ltd, 2013. Print. The Indianness of India. Verve Volume 20, Issue 8, August 2012. Web. 20 Oct. 2014.

Role of Femininity in Film

Role of Femininity in FilmThroughout this essay I will be examining the fibre of femininity in Hollywood hire and world cinema in particular Bollywood, I will also asses fe male stereotypes within movie and how they differ throughout the years especially from the 1930s such as celluloids like Gone With the Wind to the 1980s with submits such as Terminator. In addition I will demonstrate that there ar also different racial stereotypes of women in pic and the femininity of black women in motion-picture show differs from egg white women. In order to understand and examine this topic it is beneficial to re entrance the current research on how women argon analysed through film we mustiness look at the male regard which is a concept used for analysing visual culture.One of the leading theories attributed to gender stereotypes within film is the male discern. The male watch is a term coined by womens liberationist film theorist Laura Mulvey. Mulveys theory the male gaze was i nfluenced by Sigmund Freud. (Cook, 2008) Freud was a psychologist that real theory that humans have an unconscious in which intimate and aggressive impulses argon in perpetual conflict for supremacy with the defences against them. (BBC, 2014) According to Mulvey the male gaze is both voyeuristic and fetishistic. Her concept illustrated that women were merely shown on screen in classic Hollywood (Cook, 2008) ( classic Hollywood is a style of Hollywood film between 1910 and 1960s) in order to supply men with visual pleasure. Mulvey explored how the psychoanalytic concepts of narcissism and voyeurism can be used to explain how visual pleasure is generated. amour propre means a love of self (Soanes and Stevenson, 2003) and voyeurism is a visual pleasure that arises from looking at others in a sexualised way (Benshoff and Griffin, 2004). Mulvey argues that there are both types of visual pleasure. In most Hollywood films the narcissistic pleasure of identification usually involves ident ifying with the male characters, the ones who are active and aggressive. On the other hand, the voyeuristic pleasures created by cinema primarily involve looking at the female characters on screen. (Benshoff and Griffin, 2004) Thus, classical Hollywood cinema targets a majority of its films at a hypothetic male hetro-sexual audience member, making individuals outside this group adjust to a male point of view that is the male gaze. (Cook, 2008)Claire bottomston, was also a feminist film theoretician like Mulvey. Johnston is known for her research on the construction of ideology in mainstream cinema. In her scholarly works, she also hash outes the male gaze. She agreed with Mulvey that the television camera sees women as an extension of a male vision she also assessed stereotypes within Hollywood film using a semiotic analysis. Her semiotic point of view was based on Roland Barthes notion of myth, Barthes notion of myth meant, that dominate ideologies become naturalised that means the most dominant cultural, historical value and beliefs are made to seem normal and common-sense. (Barthes, 2013) Johnston investigated the myth of women in classic cinema. The sign cleaning woman can be analysed as a code or convention. It represents the ideological meaning that woman has for men. In relation to herself she means nothing. (Cook, 2008) John Berger a prominent art critic assessed Laura Mulveys theory of the male gaze in his book, Ways of Seeing (1972). He states that men act andwomenappear. Berger agreed with Mulvey that because the viewer was mostly male the appearance of women in film was intended to rip a males attention.However criticisms against Mulveys theory the male gaze, have been that of film theorist E. Ann Kaplan who theories were based around feminist film ideology. In Kaplan book Women in film (1983) she asked Is the gaze male? Both Kaplan as well as film theorist Kaja Silverman argued that the man was not always in control and the woman is not alway s passive (Chandler 2000). Feminist writer Teresa de Lauretis (1987) concluded the female viewer does not simply take up a male point of view, but works always in a double identification with the active and passive subject positions. (Chandler 2000).Journalist Steve Neale also assessed the male gaze theory and his conclusion was that the gaze in Hollywood films is not primarily male, but primarily heterosexual. Both Neale as well as film theorist Richard Dyer concluded that the male characters within film have the capacity to be purposeified as well. The man would not always be the spectator, who had rule all over the gaze. (Litosseliti and Sunderland, 2002) It is important to note that within Hollywood film since the 1980s, there has been an increasing objectification of the male body in film. (Evans Gamman, 1995). For example in the film Thelma and Louise (1991) Brad Pitts character, who is a male, is objectified in every shot of him, this shows that the male spectator was not prioritised but the female spectator was.When analysing femininity in film it is important to discuss stereotypes of women portrayed on screen and also the social context that they live in. One of the most notable stereotypes concerning black woman and Hollywood film is the mum caricature taken from the film Gone with the wind (1939) played by Hattie McDaniel. Critical studies writer Todd Boyd (2008) states, The mammy stereotype is a domestic servant who is often, fat, docile, unattractive, happy- go-lucky, and unwavering to the white family. In addition sociologist David Pilgrim (2000) states although sometimes she may have children she was completely desexualized. She belonged to the white master and his family plus she had no black companions. To further illustrate what Boyd (2008) has stated, the Mammy caricature was a symbol during slavery, as supposed proof that black women were contented, even happy, as slaves. Attributes of the mammy such as her broad smile, her chuckles, and devoted servitude to the white family were presented as confirmation of the believed humanity of Trans-Atlantic slavery.The Mammy caricature can be the seen in the film Gone with the wind (1939). If we were to analyse the character Mammy in Gone with the wind, we would see that she is a faithful to the white family who she serves to such an extreme length, that she internalised white southern values and norms. For example she encourages Scarlett OHara who she serves as a contribute slave, to eat before she goes to a party, or else at the party she would be eating ravenously instead of like a bird which is what a young southern belle is meant to do. Mammys devotion for the white family is reaffirmed when she states at the birth of Scarletts daughter, this is a proud day for me Ive helped delivered three generations of luxuriate girls for this family. She also shows her disdain for other black people and calls them no good.However a immature stereotype of black women emerged i n the 1970s. This era outwear a new music genre of film known as blaxploitation. Blaxploitation is an ethnic sub genre of exploitation films which were made for black audiences. With this new genre came a new stereotype the superwoman image. The superwoman image portrays black woman as the action heroines of their neighbourhoods ready to defend family and community by any means necessary. The super woman image portrayed black woman as strong and invincible. This image sent out that black women could endure and overcome all odds. (Boyd, 2008) Actress Pam Grier was an icon of the superwoman image.Never-the-less in Hollywood films, white women have been stereotyped differently to black women in film and their femininity was portrayed in different ways. Such as in the 1930s and 1940s many white female actresses were stereotyped into melodrama roles on screen. In melodrama films of the 30s and 40s the female was the main hotshot in the film. Also the plot lines in a melodramatic role o ften consisted of the main female character having to sacrifice her career for love, or delinquency versa. This typical plotline and stereotype can be seen in the film Lady in the Dark (1944). The leading character Liza Elliot played by actress gingery Rogers she is a powerful and unmarried fashion magazine executive, she undergoes psychoanalyse as she is having strange dreams that bother her so much that she can no semipermanent plant up her mind. She is later cured and is therefore free to stop trying to be like a man and settle in to her rightful role as a married woman and sell her business to her fianc. Anthropologist blogger K. Smith Pullman (2008) stated, that typical the melodrama plot line, showed women that if they want to both work and have love, that it was not entirely realizable. (Pullman, 2008) Moreover in the 1950s femininity was displayed in Hollywood film in the 1950s in a different way, when women were shown as blatantly sexual and seductive threats, such as Lana Turner or Ava Gardner, or on the other end of the spectrum as innocent and wholesome, like Audrey Hepburn and Grace Kelly. Marilyn Monroe slightly bridged this gap, as she was often readed as both seductive and innocent. (Pullman, 2008) However femininity in film has not always fit into those stereotypes and from the 1980s a new type of femininity was displayed in Hollywood film this was the androgynous woman this example can be demonstrated in the character Sarah Connor in the film The Terminator (1984) These are supposed to be the strong women, showing viewers that women cannot be both strong and sexual, without posing a threat. (Pullman, 2008)Also, notably the genres in which women are stereotyped significantly are horror films. According to Adam Rockoff (2002), One of the most continuing images of horror films is that of the good-looking heroine screaming with fear- as the killer in haste approaches. The heroine of the film is often dubbed the final girl. The final girl w as coined by film theorist Carol Clover.Brewer (2009) statesIn the beginning of the film, filmmakers habitually depict the final girl as visibly tough, resourceful, and determined. Despite the fact the she often finds her friends or relatives dead. The final girl manages to survive in the end of the film, normally interest a final struggle with the killer Many scholars and feminist film critics have discussed the overt masculinity of the final girl.Carol Clover author of Men, Women, and Chainsaws says that, TheFinal Girl, is on reflection, a congenial double for the adolescent male. She is feminine enough to act out in a gratifying way, a way unapproved for adult males, the legal injury and masochistic pleasures of the underlying fantasy, but not so feminine as to disturb the structure of male competence and sexuality (Rockoff, 2002, p. 13). According to Weaver and Tamborini (1996), handed-down gender-role stereotypes also exist throughout horror films (Brewer, 2009). For example , the male characters are shown acting violently and are much likely to attack the killer. Nevertheless female characters are more prone to run away from the killer. Female characters in horror films are also depicted expressing fear and panic on screen longer than the male protagonists. Modern horror films of the 1990s till present often depict male characters as jokes or helpless bystanders. (Brewer, 2009)When assessing femininity in film it is also important to look at world cinema. Portrayals of women in Bollywood films share a link with ideals about women in Indian society. In traditional Indian society, the lives of women were severely restricted. Womens roles were essentially as a daughter wife and mother. (Gokulsing and Dissanayanke, 1998) In Bollywood films the ideal wife character must be sexually beautiful and the epitome of sexually fidelity. (Gokulsing and Dissanayanke, 1998) As Richards (1995 p.3) states, that Bollywood films upholds the traditional patriarchal views of society consistent with the cultural norms pertaining to the status of women in Indian society. The opposite role of the wife is the vamp, normally a decadent modern woman, generally with a name like Rosie or Mary (Gokulsing and Dissanayanke, 1998). Gokulsing and Dissanayanke (1998) states that the vamp normally defies tradition and strives to observe western women. She drinks, she smokes, visit night clubs and is quick to fall in and out of love. She is portrayed as a morally degraded person and has come to be associated with everything unwholesome about the west. And she is always punished for her unacceptable behaviour. (Gokulsing and Dissanayanke, 1998) As Dwyer and Patel (2002) commented, In Bollywood, men are depicted in many varied roles women are well-nigh always depicted in traditional feminine roles. For example, in numerous Bollywood films starring Akshay Kumar and Katrina Kaif, the female star always represents the damsel in distress, while, the factor is continuou sly shown to be a ladies man.To conclude, femininity in film is very complex if we asses Mulveys point of view women in film are there only to supply men with visual pleasure this could be seen a lot through film in the 1950s with Hollywood actresses such as Ava Gardner and Marilyn Manroe but over the years women in film have been shown in a variety of situations not just the blatant sex object such as the role of Sarah Connor in the film Terminator which was androgynous and took on male cinematic characteristics. Also when assessing world cinema we see that the more patriarchal a society is the more women are stereotyped on screen this can be seen through Bollywood. Also throughout the horror genre in Hollywood film femininity is displayed through the final girl which many film scholars have stated the final girl is has overtly masculine characteristics although she is aesthetically beautiful.BIBLIOGRAPHYBarthes, R., 2013. Mythologies The Complete Edition, in a New Translation. New York Hill WangBBC, 2014. Sigmund Freud Online, Available from http//www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/freud_sigmund.shtml Accessed 30/09/2014BENSHOFF, H. and S. GRIFFIN, 2004. America on Film Representing Race, Class, Gender, andSexuality at the Movies. Victoria Blackwell PublishingBerger, J. 1972.Ways of Seeing. London Penguin Books.Boyd, T., 2008. The Mammy Image. In African Americans and Popular Culture.Connecticut PraegerCook, P. 2008 The Cinema Book. London BFI PublishingBrewer, C. 2009. THE STEREOTYPIC PORTRAYAL OF WOMEN IN SLASHER FILMS whence VERSUS NOW online Available from http//etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-04092009-105427/unrestricted/Brewer_thesis.pdf.pdf Accessed 11/10/2014Chandler, D., (2000) Notes on the Gaze online Available from http//www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/gaze/gaze09.html Accessed 30/09/2014De Lauretis, T., 1987. Essays on theory, film and fiction Bloomington indium University PressDwyer, R., and Patel, D., 2002. Cinema India The visual culture o f Hindi Film, London Reaktion Books.Evans, C., Lorraine G., 1995 The Gaze Revisited, or Reviewing QueerViewing. In Burston, Paul Colin Richardson (Eds.) A Queer Romance Lesbians, fairylikeMen and Popular Culture. London Routledge, pp. 13-56.Gokulsing, K., M., and Dissanayanke, W., 1998. Indian Popular Cinema A narrative of Cultural Cinema, London Trentham Books.Johnston, C., 1991. Womens Cinema as Counter Cinema. In Thornham, S., (ed) 1999. Feminism Film Theory A reader. New York New York University PressKaplan,E., A., 1983. Women and Film Both Sides of the Camera, New York Methuen PublishingKing, T., 2007. Does film criticism affect recess office earnings? Evidence from movies released in the U.S. in 2003. Journal of Cultural Economics, 31, 171-186.Litosseliti, L. and Sunderland, J. (eds.) 2002. Gender Identity and Discourse AnalysisDiscourse Approaches to Politics, Society and Culture. Amsterdam John Benjamins.Pilgrim, D., 2000 The Mammy Caricature online Available from http// www.ferris.edu/jimcrow/mammies/ Accessed 30/09/2014Pullman, K. (2008) online Available from http//ksmith-hollywoodwomen.blogspot.co.uk/2008/12/stereotypical-roles-of-women-in-films.html Accesed 30/09/2014Richard, C., 1996. Hooray for Bollywood, Time Magazine online Available from http//content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985129,00.html?internalid=atm100 Accessed 30/09/2014Rockoff, A. (2002). Going to Pieces The Rise and Fall of the Slasher Film, 1978-1986.North Carolina McFarland Company Inc.Soanes, C. and Stevenson, A., 2013. Oxford Dictionary of English, Revised Edition, Oxford Oxford University Press,Weaver, J.B., Tamborini, R. (1996). Horror films Current research on audiencepreferences and reactions. New Jersey Lawrence Erlbaum.

Essay --

There are a lot of women suffering from different types of prolapses with uterine being one of the most common and they do not seek medical attention due to being embarrassed or just scared. It is somewhat considered taboo and isnt spoken of as ofttimes as say, having a hysterectomy or other female conditions. Most women are unaware of the symptoms and on that pointfore dont seek medical attention forrader it becomes a more serious issue that will most likely require surgery to fix. The definition of uterine prolapse is the uterus gradually descends into the vagina and practically times takes the upper portions of the vagina with it. Most often a prolapse is caused by weakened pelvic radix muscles and ligaments. It can present at any face but often comes in three distinct stages. Once it descends into the vagina walls it can continue to descend until it actually protrudes out of the vagina entrance. In the 1st degree the cervix uteri is still inside t he vagina. In the 2nd degree the cervix appears outside the vagina opening and the labia can become irritated and ulcerative. In the 3rd degree there is a complete prolapse outside of the dead body and it can contain the bladder, uterus and rectum. This condition is sometimes called a complete procidentia. It can be caused by a multitude of reasons. Multiple vaginal births, having larger babies, excessive straining from constipation, heavy lifting or being over fish, weak pelvic floor muscles due to leave out of use, aging or going through menopause. Although uterine prolapse can happen to anyone at any age, its most common in women who shake gone through menopause and for many of the reasons stated above. Some of the symptoms of pelvic floor organ prolapse are havin... ...ith prolapsed organs. Maintaining a healthy diet to accommodate lots of fruits and vegetables and fiber is the best way to prevent constipation as well as drinking plenty of fluids. It has been recommended to drink half your body weight in ounces every day to maintain a healthy inner eco system. Drinking plenty of water helps maintain balance of hormones, bowel functions and cellular health. opposite preventive measures can be taken when heavy lifting is required, be sure to used legs when lifting heavy objects or while working out. Proper lifting techniques will in addition prevent other injuries. By maintaining a healthy weight you will also prevent undue pressure on lower pelvic floor muscles. By practicing good prevention techniques not only will the pelvic floor be in good health but the rest of the body will benefit as well. Heres to pelvic floor health W/C 1184

Sports Ethics Essay -- Athletics Sports Ethics Drug Abuse Essays

Sports Ethics Vince Lombardi, most likely the best coach to ever contract a squad to victory or multiple ones on a footb every(prenominal) field. His ethics sometimes questionable, but never misunderstood, were always meant to lead and encourage his team to be nonhing but the best, and the best was achieved in 1967. After nine incredible winning seasons with the Green Bay Packers, Lombardi decided to retire as head coach. The Packers had henpecked professional football under his direction, collecting six division titles, five NFL championships, two Super Bowls and acquiring a record of 98-30-4. After slight than a year, however, he realized that he still wanted to coach. He accepted the head coaching position for the Washington Redskins in 1969. During that season, he unbroken what had become the Lombardi tradition and led the Redskins to their first winning record in 14 years. In January of 1970, his professional coaching record stood at a unparalleled 105-35-6, and the NFL na med him their acclaimed 1960s Man of the Decade. His statement that winning is the only thing that matters in sport, is one of the truths that is still inherent in todays world of sports. Athletes are willing to cheat to guarantee success, either through the use of performance-enhancing drugs, or through the act of injuring others. These days, drugs, blood doping, corruption, injuring others and the consequences of winning and more importantly losing is all evident. Lombardis statement is not only applicable to athletes, but it also applies to the countries that the athletes are representing. Events such as the Olympics and the World Cup of Hockey, are a lineage of national pride and some countries are willing, and fully wanting to try and do anything to bring prestige back, many of them resorting to unethical tactics. Lombardis statement does not only affect players, or athletes, it also affects coaches, owners, and managers. They too place winning as their number one concern. In many cases, fair play by and large takes a back seat to the desire for winning. The truth of the matter is that, some will bend rules, man others will outright cheat. The corruptness of sports today has lead to the endless methods and desires of unethical behaviour.In the history of ethics there are three principal standards of conduct, each of which has been proposed as the highest good happiness or delight du... ...n the world of sports today.Although many people put a huge influence on winning, many if not more put more of an influence on losing, or trying not to. Winning is not a sometime thing its an all the time thing. You dont win once in a while you dont do things right once in a while you do them right all the time. Winning is a habit. Unfortunately, so is losing Vince Lombardi . Works Cited 1. A folk to Remember. 7 Apr. 2001 .2. Beckham, Darren. Blood Doping Is It Really Worth It? 25 Apr. 2001 .3. Jennings, Andrew. The New Lords of the Rings. Toronto Pocket Books, 19 96.4. Lajis, Razak Haji. The History Of Drug Abuse In Sports. 14 Apr. 2001 .5. Microsoft Encarta(http//encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761555614&pn=1&s=1s1).6. Simon, Robert L. Fair Play Sports, Values, & Society. San Francisco Westview Press, 1991.7. Stoll, Sharon Kay. Who Says This is Cheating. Dubuque Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 1993.8. Ten Controversial Olympic Moments. 15 Apr. 2001 .9. Vince Lombardi Homepagehttp//www.vincelombardi.com/bio.html10. Washington Post. The Tonya Harding Nancy Kerrigan Saga. 12 Apr. 2001 .